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A fairy ring on a suburban lawn in,, A fairy ring, also known as fairy circle, elf circle, elf ring or pixie ring, is a naturally occurring ring or arc of. The rings may grow to over 10 metres (33 ft) in diameter, and they become stable over time as the fungus grows and seeks food underground.

They are found mainly in areas, but also appear in or rangelands. Fairy rings are detectable by in rings or arcs, as well as by a necrotic zone (dead grass), or a ring of dark green grass. Fungus is present in the ring or arc underneath. Rings are the subject of much and myth worldwide—particularly in Western Europe.

While they are often seen as hazardous or dangerous places, they can sometimes be linked with good fortune. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • Genesis [ ] The of a growing in the ground absorbs nutrients by secretion of from the tips of the (threads making up the mycelium). This breaks down larger molecules in the soil into smaller molecules that are then absorbed through the walls of the hyphae near their growing tips. The mycelium will move outward from the center, and when the nutrients in the center are exhausted, the center dies, thereby forming a living ring, from which the fairy ring arises. There are two theories regarding the process involved in creating fairy rings. One states that the fairy ring is begun by a from the sporocarpus.

The underground presence of the fungus can also cause withering or varying colour or growth of the grass above. The second theory, which is presented in the investigations of scientists on the species, shows that fairy rings could be established by connecting neighbouring oval of these mushrooms.

If they make an arc or a ring, they continuously grow about the centre of this object. [ ] Necrotic or rapid growth zones [ ]. Fairy ring on a meadow One of the manifestations of fairy ring growth is a necrotic zone—an area in which grass or other plant life has withered or died.

These zones are caused by the mycelia which, during a very dry year, coat the roots of grasses and other herbs in. After some time they are removed by from the ground, at which stage a zone on the surface soil becomes visible.

Patterns other than the basic ring or arc are also possible: circles, doubled arcs, sickle-shaped arcs, and other complicated formations are also formed by this process. Toad For Oracle Keygen 123greetings. Fungi can deplete the soil of readily available nutrients such as, causing plants growing within the circle to be stressed which leads to plant discoloration.

Some fungi also produce chemicals which act like called, which affect plant growth, causing rapid luxuriant growth. Long-term observations of fairy rings on in Dorset, England, further suggested that the cycle depended on the continuous presence of rabbits. Chalky soils on higher elevations in the counties of Wiltshire and Dorset in southern England used to support many meadow-type fairy rings. Rabbits crop grass very short in open areas and produce nitrogen-rich droppings.

Mushrooms need more soil nitrogen than grass does. A ring can start from only a few spores from which the mycelium develops; the fruiting bodies of the mushrooms only appearing later, when sufficient mycelial mass has been generated to support them. Subsequent generations of fungi grow only outwards, because the parent generations have depleted their local nitrogen levels. Meanwhile, rabbits keep cropping the grass, but do not eat the fungi, allowing them to grow through their competition to tower, relatively, above the grass.

By the time a circle of mushrooms reaches about 6 metres (20 ft) in diameter, rabbit droppings have replenished the nitrogen levels near the centre of the circle, and a secondary ring may start to grow inside the first. [ ] Soil analysis of soil containing mycelium from a wood blewit ( ) fairy ring under Norway spruce ( ) and Scots pine ( ) in southeast Sweden yielded fourteen low molecular weight organic compounds, three of which were brominated and the others chlorinated. It is unclear whether these were metabolites or pollutants. Brominated compounds are unknown as metabolites from terrestrial fungi. Types [ ] There are two generally recognised types of fairy ring fungus. Those found in the woods are called tethered, because they are formed by fungi living in with trees. Meadow fairy rings are called free, because they are not connected with other organisms.

These mushrooms are. The effects on the grass depend on the type of fungus that is growing; when is growing in the area grass will grow more abundantly; however, will cause the grass to wither. Species involved [ ]. Fairy rings in moss in Iceland The of the contain a wealth of fairy lore, including the idea from which fairy rings take their name: the phenomena result from the dancing of fairies. In 19th-century Wales, where the rings are known as cylch y Tylwyth Teg, fairies were almost invariably described as dancing in a group when encountered, and in Scotland and Wales in the late 20th century, stories about fairy rings were still common; some Welsh even claimed to have joined a fairy dance. Victorian folklorists regarded fairies and witches as related, based in part on the idea that both were believed to dance in circles.

These revels are particularly associated with moonlit nights, the rings only becoming visible to mortals the following morning. Exile Flower Song Download Mp3. Local variants add other details. An early 20th-century Irish tradition says that fairies enjoy dancing around the so that fairy rings often centre on one. One resident of, Scotland, said that the fairies sit on the mushrooms and use them as dinnertables, and a Welsh woman claimed that fairies used the mushrooms as parasols and umbrellas. In wrote that the brightness of the fairy ring comes not from the dancing of the fairies, who harm it with their feet, but from, who refreshes the grass. A Devon legend says that a black hen and chickens sometimes appear at dusk in a large fairy ring on the edge of.

A Welsh and Manx variant current in the 1960s removes dancing from the picture and claims that fairy rings spring up over an underground fairy village. These associations have become linked to specific sites. For example, 'The Pixies' Church' was a rock formation in Dartmoor surrounded by a fairy ring, and a stone circle tops in northern Wales, believed to be a popular spot for fairy dances.

Guernsey Fairy Ring is also a popular spot for fairie dancing and known for having evil fairies living there. Many folk beliefs generally paint fairy rings as dangerous places, best avoided. Sikes traces these stories of people trespassing into forbidden territory and being punished for it to the tale of. In it, Psyche is forbidden to view her lover, and when she does so, her palace disappears and she is left alone.

Superstition calls fairy circles sacred and warns against violating them lest the interloper (such as a farmer with a plough) anger the fairies and be. In an Irish legend recorded by, a farmer builds a barn on a fairy ring despite the protests of his neighbours.

He is struck senseless one night, and a local 'fairy doctor' breaks the curse. The farmer says that he dreamed that he must destroy the barn. Even collecting dew from the grass or flowers of a fairy ring can bring bad luck. Destroying a fairy ring is unlucky and fruitless; superstition says it will just grow back. A traditional Scottish rhyme sums up the danger of such places.

He wha tills the fairies' green Nae luck again shall hae: And he wha spills the fairies' ring Betide him want and wae. For weirdless days and weary nights Are his till his deein' day. But he wha gaes by the fairy ring, Nae dule nor pine shall see, And he wha cleans the fairy ring An easy death shall dee.

Numerous legends focus on mortals entering a fairy ring—and the consequences. One superstition is that anyone who steps into an empty fairy ring will die at a young age. A 20th-century tradition from calls the fairy ring a 'galley-trap' and says that a murderer or thief who walks in the ring will be hanged. Most often, someone who violates a fairy perimeter becomes invisible to mortals outside and may find it impossible to leave the circle. Often, the fairies force the mortal to dance to the point of exhaustion, death, or madness. In Welsh tales, fairies actively try to lure mortals into their circles to dance with them. A tale from the of Wales, current in the 19th century, describes a mortal's encounter with a fairy ring.

He saw the Tylwyth Teg, in appearance like tiny soldiers, dancing in a ring. He set out for the scene of revelry, and soon drew near the ring where, in a gay company of males and females, they were footing it to the music of the harp. Never had he seen such handsome people, nor any so enchantingly cheerful. They beckoned him with laughing faces to join them as they leaned backward almost falling, whirling round and round with joined hands. Those who were dancing never swerved from the perfect circle; but some were clambering over the old cromlech, and others chasing each other with surprising swiftness and the greatest glee. Still others rode about on small white horses of the most beautiful form.

All this was in silence, for the shepherd could not hear the harps, though he saw them. But now he drew nearer to the circle, and finally ventured to put his foot in the magic ring. The instant he did this, his ears were charmed with strains of the most melodious music he had ever heard. Entering the ring on or night was especially dangerous. One source near Afon fach Blaen y Cae, a tributary of the Dwyfach, tells of a shepherd accidentally disturbing a ring of rushes where fairies are preparing to dance; they capture him and hold him captive, and he even marries one of them.

In variants from Scotland recorded by in 1891, the ring is replaced by a cavern or an old mill. Freedom from a fairy ring often requires outside intervention. A tactic from early 20th-century Wales is to cast wild and into the circle and befuddle the fairies; another asks the rescuer to touch the victim with iron. Other stories require that the enchanted victim simply be plucked out by someone on the outside, although even this can be difficult: A farmer in a tale from the region has to tie a rope around himself and enlist four men to pull him from the circle as he goes in to save his daughter. Other folk methods rely on Christian faith to break the enchantment: a stick from a tree (thought to be the wood from which the cross of was built) can break the curse, as can a simple phrase such as 'what, in Heaven's name', as in a 19th-century tale from. A common element to these recoveries is that the rescuer must wait a year and a day from when the victim entered the ring. Mortals who have danced with the fairies are rarely safe after being saved from their enthrallment.

Often, they find that what seemed to be but a brief foray into fairyland was indeed much longer in the mortal realm, possibly weeks or years. The person rescued from the fairy ring may have no memory of their encounter with the sprites, as in a story from Anglesea recorded in 1891. In most tales, the saved interlopers face a grim fate. For example, in a legend from, recorded by Sikes, a man is rescued from a fairy ring only to crumble to dust. In a tale from Mathavarn, Llanwrin Parish, a fairy-ring survivor moulders away when he eats his first bite of food. Another vulnerability seems to be iron; in a tale from the region, a touch from the metal causes a rescued woman to disappear. Some legends assert that the only safe way to investigate a fairy ring is to run around it nine times.

This affords the ability to hear the fairies dancing and frolicking underground. According to a 20th-century tradition of, this must be done under a full moon, and the runner must travel in the direction of the sun; to go allows the fairies to place the runner under their sway. To circle the ring a tenth time is foolhardy and dangerous. Keightley recorded a similar tradition from in 1905: 'The children constantly run this number [nine times], but nothing will induce them to venture a tenth run.'

A story from early 20th century England says that a mortal can see the sprites without fear if a friend places a foot on that of the person stepping beyond the circle's perimeter. Another superstition says that wearing a hat backwards can confuse the fairies and prevent them from pulling the wearer into their ring.

Although they have strong associations with doom, some legends paint fairy circles as places of fertility and fortune. Welsh folk belief is that mountain sheep that eat the grass of a fairy ring flourish, and that crops sown from such a place will prove more bountiful than those from normal land. A folk belief recorded in the Athenian Oracle claims that a house built on a fairy circle will bring prosperity to its inhabitants.

Likewise, a legend from Pont y Wern says that in the 13th or 14th century, the inhabitants of the town of Corwrion watched fairies dancing in a ring around a every Sunday after church at a place called Pen y Bonc. They even joined the sprites in their revels. The legend survives in a rhyme: 'With the fairies nimbly dancing round / The glow-worm on the Rising Ground.' A Welsh tale recorded by Rhys in 1901 tells of a man who supposedly lived on the side of the, above Cwm Pennant, in the early 19th century. The man destroyed a nest of in a tree surrounded by a fairy ring. In gratitude, the fairies gave him a half crown every day but stopped when he told his friends, 'for he had broken the rule of the fair folks by making their liberality known'. Nevertheless, fairy boons are not without their curses, and tales often tell of the sprites exacting their revenge.

Literature [ ]. And in their courses make that round In meadows and in marshes found, Of them so called the Fairy Ground, Of which they have the keeping. Fairy imagery became especially popular in the. Uses a fairy ring as a symbol of lost love in (1886); the character Michael Henchard passes a fairy ring and remembers that he last saw his wife Susan there when he sold her to a sailor in a drunken rage.

Victorian poets who have referred to fairy rings in their works include,,,,, and. Composed the cantata The Fairy Ring, and wrote of them in (1894).

Art [ ] Fairy circles have appeared in European artwork since at least the 18th century. For example, painted Oberon, Titania and Puck with Fairies Dancing, depicting a scene from Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, around 1785, and painted Faun and the Fairies around 1834. Images of fairies dancing in circles became a favourite trope of in the Victorian period. On the one hand, artists were genuinely interested in the culture such imagery represented, and on the other, fairies could be depicted as titillating nudes and semi-nudes without offending, which made them a popular subject of art collectors.

Examples of Victorian fairy-ring paintings include Come unto these Yellow Sands (1842) by and Reconciliation of Titania and Oberon (1847). • Fairy rings in art •.

The sky above the southern Indian Ocean is about to be lit by a blazing “ring-of-fire” solar eclipse. The stunning display will be visible to people living across parts of the Middle East and Africa – who should as ever follow the guidelines for looking at the Sun. But the safer option for viewing it is on the internet. A normal solar eclipse happens when the moon moves between the Earth and the sun, blocking out our star when viewed from earth.

A ring-of-fire eclipse is also known as an annular eclipse and happens when the eclipse isn’t entirely total – because of the movement of the moon, some of the sun is visible around the outside of the moon, leaving a blazing ring of fire around the outside of the dark moon. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1/26 PA • 2/26 GETTY IMAGES • 3/26 GETTY IMAGES • 4/26 GETTY IMAGES • 5/26 PA • 6/26 Getty Images • 7/26 Getty Images • 8/26 Getty Images • 9/26 Getty Images • 10/26 Getty Images • 11/26 Getty Images • 12/26 Getty Images • 13/26 Getty Images • 14/26 Getty Images • 15/26 Getty Images • 16/26 Getty Images/ NASA • 17/26 Getty Images • 18/26 Getty Images • 19/26 Getty Images • 20/26 Getty Images • 21/26 Getty Images • 22/26 Getty Images • 23/26 Getty Images • 24/26 Getty Images • 25/26 Getty Images • 26/26 Getty Images.

The eclipse will be best visible on Africa’s west coast, in countries including Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, and Mozambique. People looking at it there should either use special glasses or other kit like projectors. Nobody should ever look straight at the sun, even during an eclipse.

But it will also be visible online. Websites including Slooh will be running live streams so that people around the world can see it. It will be visible through the morning of 1 September. If you missed this one, the next solar eclipse will be a ring of fire.

It will happen on 26 February next year, and will be visible across South America. How to disable your ad blocker for independent.co.uk Adblock / Adblock Plus • Click the Adblock/Adblock Plus icon, which is to the right of your address bar. • On Adblock click 'Don't run on pages on this domain'. • On Adblock Plus click 'Enabled on this site' to disable ad blocking for the current website you are on.

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